12. Integer to Roman

Roman numerals are represented by seven different symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M.

Symbol       Value
I             1
V             5
X             10
L             50
C             100
D             500
M             1000

For example, two is written as II in Roman numeral, just two one's added together. Twelve is written as, XII, which is simply X + II. The number twenty seven is written as XXVII, which is XX + V + II.

Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. However, the numeral for four is not IIII. Instead, the number four is written as IV. Because the one is before the five we subtract it making four. The same principle applies to the number nine, which is written as IX. There are six instances where subtraction is used:

• I can be placed before V (5) and X (10) to make 4 and 9.

• X can be placed before L (50) and C (100) to make 40 and 90.

• C can be placed before D (500) and M (1000) to make 400 and 900.

Given an integer, convert it to a roman numeral. Input is guaranteed to be within the range from 1 to 3999.

Example 1:

Input: 3
Output: "III"

Example 2:

Input: 4
Output: "IV"

Example 3:

Input: 9
Output: "IX"

Example 4:

Input: 58
Output: "LVIII"
Explanation: L = 50, V = 5, III = 3.

Example 5:

Input: 1994
Output: "MCMXCIV"
Explanation: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.

解题要点：

首先分别用两个数组从大到小列出字母和数字。然后将数组遍历和num比较，比一次减去一次当前数字，并加进当前数字的字符形式。返回这个字符串。

class Solution {
    public String intToRoman(int num) {
        String[] str = {"M", "CM", "D", "CD", "C", "XC", "L", "XL", "X", "IX", "V", "IV", "I"};
        int[] value = {1000, 900, 500, 400, 100, 90, 50, 40, 10, 9, 5, 4, 1};
        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
        int i = 0;
        while(num > 0){
            while(num >= value[i]){
                num -= value[i];
                res.append(str[i]);
            }
            i++;
        }
        return res.toString();
    }
}

用dictionary：

class Solution(object):
    def intToRoman(self, num):
        """
        :type num: int
        :rtype: str
        """
        romanDict = {1:'I',4:'IV',5:'V',9:'IX',10:'X',40:'XL',50:'L',
                     90:'XC',100:'C',400:'CD',500:'D',900:'CM',1000:'M'}
        values = [1000, 900, 500, 400, 100, 90, 50, 40, 10, 9, 5, 4, 1 ]

        res = ""
        i = 0
        while num > 0:
            while num >= values[i]:
                num -= values[i]
                res += romanDict[values[i]]
            i+=1
        return res